Conditional R&D Subsidies

RD-flatness and RD-injectivity

It is proved that every commutative ring whose RD-injective modules are Σ-RD-injective is the product of a pure semi-simple ring and a finite ring. A complete characterization of commutative rings for which each artinian (respectively simple) module is RD-injective, is given. These results can be obtained by using the properties of RD-flat modules and RD-coflat modules which are respectively th...

Recycling fuel subsidies as health subsidies.

The Impact of Conditional In-Kind Subsidies on Preventive Health Behaviors: Evidence from Western Kenya

Malaria and HIV are two major threats to maternal and child health in Africa. Highly effective prevention technologies exist, such as insecticide-treated bednets, prophylactic drugs for malaria, and antiretroviral prophylaxis against mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but they remain unused by most African mothers. I designed and implemented an NGO program that provided free insecticide-treat...

The influence of public subsidies on farm technical efficiency: A robust conditional nonparametric approach

The objective of this paper is to assess the impact of public subsidies on farm technical efficiency using recent advances in nonparametric efficiency analysis. To this end, we use robust conditional frontier techniques as well as insights from recent developments in nonparametric econometrics. The paper contributes to the ongoing methodological discussion on how to model the effect of public s...

Early markers of retinal degeneration in rd/rd mice.

PURPOSE In the rd/rd mouse, the cell death of rod photoreceptors has been correlated to abnormal levels of the cyclic nucleotide cGMP within photoreceptors. Given that cGMP is required for opening of the cationic channels, there is the possibility that a high cGMP concentration would maintain these channels open, at a high energy cost for the retina. METHODS We investigated whether cation cha...